Labour Market Issues in Saudi Arabia

In today’s business environment, globalisation has created many challenges in the hospitality industry particularly how to manage the increasing culturally diverse workforce.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labour Market Issues in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Diversity has become a significant factor in the human resource management of the tourism industry as tourist organisations across the globe have become more diverse as a result of differences in race, culture, ethnicity, national origin as well as dispositions and personal characteristics in the workforce (Baum, Devine Hearns 2009, 1). Managing diversity in a workplace requires that the workforce comprise of diverse population which includes both the visible as well as the non-visible differences so as to harness such differences to create a productive working environment where each individual feels valued and free to engage their t alents in contributing towards the organisational goal (UNESCO 1999, 23). The cultural diversity in Saudi Arabia has had a huge impact on the country’s labor market. The essay is therefore an attempt to assess labour market issues in Saudi Arabia. In particular, the essay examines how cultural diversity in Saudi Arabia has impacted on its workforce. The benefits attained by the labour market and organisations in Saudi Arabia due to cultural diversity are addressed, in addition to an examination of the challenges facing the success of cultural diversity in the workplace. Finally, the essay suggests various solutions that could help improve cultural diversity in the workplace in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian culture is built around strict Islamic religion as well as ancient social customs which often clash with modern technical realities (Needle 2004, 76). The country has increasingly relied on the foreign workforce particularly in the private sector such that about 60% of its wo rkforce is foreign (Al-Dosary, Shahid Rahman 2005, 1).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most of their foreign workforce is from Pakistan, India, Philippines, Kuwait, Sri Lanka and the East European countries like the UK, Germany and France (Guirdham 2005, p.5). Diversity in the workforce within the hospitality industry in Saudi Arabia enables the hospitality organizations effectively provide for customers from a wide social as well as economic spectrum. The country’s tourism industry has majorly depended on pilgrimage season (Gatrell Kreiner 2006, 765). Diversity within the hospitality organizations in Saudi Arabia has significantly changed the behavior of the native Saudis. Generally, Arabs undertake their tasks in less hurry and are not very active during the day in the month of Ramadan; this has sometimes affected their service delivery. Inclusion of employees fro m other countries especially the Christian countries enable them achieve continuous functioning and speed in service delivery in the hospitality industry. Foreign workers in the industry have made it possible and easier for tourism organizations to provide for religious tourism especially for the large number of Muslims who travel for the Hajj. They provide the workforce needed during the month of Ramadan as well as for the leisure tourists (Gatrell Kreiner 2006, 769). Diversity in the workforce within the hospitality industry in Saudi Arabia enhances quality service to customers as it gives them the capacity to understand the cultural diversity among customers (UNESCO 1999, 37). Managers are therefore better placed to identify the uniqueness of customers from different countries or regions in terms of styles, practices, expectations as well as processes. With this knowledge, they can adapt complex ways of dealing with the various visitors that tour Saudi Arabia including the domes tic tourists.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labour Market Issues in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They are also able to avoid stereotyping of cultures. According to Henderson Sadi (n.d, 95) the international tourists have been increasing at the rate of 4.3% and the trend is predicted to increase. This has been attributed by many factors and among them being workforce diversity in the tourism industry (Mustafa 2010, 46). Cultural diversity enhances marketing research for the tourist organizations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Managers also use the cultural framework to manage the workforce. It is used to enhance cross-cultural training in the workforce to develop skills and provide experience which can enable them better meet the expectations of the culturally diverse customers. The training has been used in most hospitality organizations in Saudi Arabia to develop culturally-sensitive workfo rce that is able to effectively deliver services to the culturally diverse customers that they meet everyday. Diversity in the workforce has enabled the hospitality industry to adopt flexible labour strategies particularly in the tourism industry. The foreign workers provide the necessary public relations needed to neutralise the fears expressed by the international communities especially towards the Arab countries concerning security matters (Saudi Commission for Tourism Antiquities 2010, 5). According to Henderson and Sadi (n.d, 98) selling to non-Muslims internationally has become quite challenging mainly because of cultural sensitivity (Henderson Sadi n.d. 98) In terms of social composition, the main ethnic group in Saudi Arabia is the Arabs, who constitute 90 percent of the population. The remaining 10percent is made up of the Afro-Asians (Al-Dosary, Shahid Rahman 2005, p. 2). The county is 100 percent Islam.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More All the citizens of Saudi Arabia speak Arabic, as well as about half of all the immigrants in the country. The Koranic, modern standard and high literary classical Arabic finds use in religious rituals, prayers, lectures, poetry, broadcasts, speeches, and written communication (Al-Dosary, Shahid Rahman 2005, p. 2). With regard to architecture, in 1950, approximately 40 percent of Saudi’s population led a nomadic life. As such, tents were the main residence, in otherwise highly dispersed patterns. The population led a nomadic form of life, moving from one place to another in search of pasture and water for their animals. The other 40 percent of the Saudis led an agricultural life, in the rural areas. Only 20 percent of the population lived in the old cite of Medina, Mecca, Taif, Jeddah, and Riyadh. However, by 1992, two thirds of the Saudi population lived in the urban areas. This was as a result of major changes that were taking place in the Saudi Arabia, buoyed by rapid exp ansion of the oil industry (Guirdham 2005, 56). Older cities expanded very rapidly, and new ones sprung up very fast. The new cities in Saudi Arabia are a sharp contrast of the old cities. The local citizens and guest workers in Saudi Arabia are characterized by a key social division. Temporary immigrants form the largest part of the working class. This is the same group that occupies few positions in the Saudi’s upper class, with the rest occupying the middle-class positions (Guirdham 2005, 57). The different social classes in Saudi Arabia experiences diversity in terms of wealth accumulation. Individuals across diverse social divides share common beliefs, practices, and attitudes. This common sharing is further strengthened by the strong religious and kinship ties in society. The nature of employment relationship in Saudi Arabia is unique. As the number of foreign workers increase in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the private sector including the tourism industry have been ab le to diversify their operations and nature of jobs as organizations hire workforce from different regions and societies who come from different backgrounds and with different attitudes (Pizam 1978, 10). The tourist organizations as well as other organizations respect the diverse cultures and have put in place policies and strategies which ensure that employees from different backgrounds work hand in hand no matter their cultural beliefs. In an attempts to effectively handle cultural diversity in employment, the government mostly employs local managers to run public organizations including parks and to manage the locals and the firms in an efficient manner. In private organizations, foreign workers are employed on the accounting approach so that they can deal with performance management, systems as well as control of individual’s activities to enhance efficiency of the organizations (Guirdham 2005, 57). The mission statement of most tourist organizations in Saudi Arabia artic ulates their commitment to diversity in the workforce as well as the customers they serve. Individuals are designed roles which enable them utilise their cultural expertise to achieve the organisational goals. The co-workers are aware of the cultural diversity that exist in the workplace and are therefore respectful of that (Gee 1997, 32). Cultural diversity has enhanced social cultural exchange as well as understanding among employees and different committees during their meetings (Gee 1997, 32). This has helped in preserving the cultural identity of the Saudis. There are a number of challenges that face the issue of cultural diversity in Saudi Arabia. Human resource management practices in Saudi Arabia are heavily influenced by religion as well as tribal and family relationships. This limits the ability of foreign workers to provide their all to the organizations particularly in decision making. The Saudi cultures also limit women’s participation in workplaces or even in ac quiring employment opportunities. Tribal and family’s influence in the workplace create authoritarianism to foreign workers as well as to other tribes which are not members of the tribe or clan. The tribal culture of Islam also limits their tolerance to new ideas or initiatives in the workplace. Exploitation of oil in Saudi Arabia has led to increasing influx of foreign workers in the country seeking to get employment opportunities. According to Al-Dosary, Shahid Rahman (2005, 1) about 60% of Saudi Arabia’s workforce is foreign, but at the same time, Saudi Arabia experiences unemployment rate of about 30%. This has made the government rethink its strategy on employing foreign workforce. The government announced in 2003 that it will have had a significant cut on foreign workers by 2013. This has started limiting the number of foreign employees in organizations and thus reducing the level of cultural diversity in the workforce. The influx of foreign workers has also aff ected the salaries and wages paid to workers in Saudi Arabia. Foreign workers provide cheap labour as compared to the salaries demanded by the Saudis themselves. Foreign workers who have come from countries of lower economies easily accept these salaries; however, managers from Saudi Arabia and Oman demand higher salaries. Besides, the government has increased the cost of work visas as a strategy for limiting the number of foreign workers. This has raised the cost of maintaining foreign workers thereby impacting on the advantages which come with cultural diversity in the workplace. In addition to that, the increasing high cost of living also affects foreign workers stay in the country thereby reducing the level of cultural diversity in the workplaces (Pizam 1978, 12). (Pizam 1978, 12). On the basis of the foregoing arguments of the essay, a number of recommendations have been arrived at. First, there is need to educate the Saudis on the importance of national integration and respect for different cultures in order to achieve cultural diversity which is able to drive business organisations to greater levels. The awareness should be aimed at helping them overcome tribal and clan/family considerations in workplaces. Saudis have to learn to separate some aspects of their religion in the workforce so that they can effectively deal with gender diversity in the workforce and also be more receptive to creative ideas that employees contribute in the running of organisations. It is also important that the government develops mechanisms for dealing with the disparity that exists in the workforce in terms of the ratio of foreign workers to local workers. The locals have to be given more employment opportunities to help combat the increasing poverty levels in the nation. In conclusion, cultural diversity has significantly improved the tourism industry in Saudi Arabia. It has provided the necessary expertise needed to drive the industry into the global economy. The private sector has achieved efficiency that the government has also borrowed in public organizations. However, tribal and family relationships pose negative challenges that the country needs to overcome in order to realize greater cultural diversity in the workforce. Reference List Al-Dosary, A. S., Shahid, M., Rahman, S. M., 2005, An integrated approach to combat unemployment in the Saudi labor market. Journal of Societal Social Policy, 4(2): 1-18. New York: Casa Verde Publishing Baum, T., Devine, F. Hearns, N., 2009. Resource guide: Cultural awareness for hospitality and tourism. Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Network. Cincinnati, OH: South Western College Publishing. P. 1 Gatrell, J. Kreiner, N. 2006. Negotiated space: Tourists, pilgrims, and the Bahà ¡Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ­ Terraced Gardens in Haifa, Geoforum, 37(5), 765-778. Los Angeles: Kalimat Press. Gee, C. Y., 1997, International tourism: A global prospective; World Tourism Organization. New York: Guilford Publishers. P. 32. Gu irdham, M., 2005, Communicating across cultures at work, 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. P. 57. Henderson, J. c., Sadi, M. A., n.d, Tourism in Saudi Arabia and its future development. Dharam: King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. pp. 95-98. Mustafa, M. H., 2010, Tourism and globalization in the Arab world. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 1(1): 37-48. Dubai: Department of Sustainable Tourism. Needle, D. (2004) Business in context. London: Thomson. P. 76. Pizam, A. 1978. Tourist impacts: The social costs to the destination community as perceived by its Residents. Journal of Travel Research, 16(4), 8-12. Chicago: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers Saudi Commission for Tourism Antiquities, 2010, Tourism investment in Saudi Arabia. Riyadh: SCTA. P. 5. UNESCO., 1999, Tourism and culture: Rethinking the mix. The UNESCO Courier, (July-August issue): 21-56. Florida: Harcourt Brace College Publishers This essay on Labour Market Issues in Saudi Arabia was written and submitted by user Shania S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Traditional Chinese Houses essays

Traditional Chinese Houses essays Chinese architecture is most famous for the Great Wall of China. However, there are many other remarkable structures. Chinese houses reflect a tradition of craft and symbolism that echoes that of Chinas great monumental architecture. Besides showing the connection between architecture and daily life of Chinese people in the past, they also reveal Chinese cosmology and beliefs in concrete and practical terms. Housing is the first response of human. As human must regularly lie down to sleep, and most of us sleep deeply enough to become oblivious to our surroundings, a safe sleeping place is very important to us. Houses do not only provide the shelter, they also provide spaces for us to cook our food, store our properties, have some leisure and care children There are many types of Chinese houses. Some examples are northern houses, southern houses, subterranean or cave housing and courtyard houses. Most Chinese houses share some common features. The ridgepole of most houses is arranged in an east-west direction. The facade is then oriented so that the doors and windows face south. This is for maximum light and warmth. Besides, according to Confucian principles, parents, their unmarried children, their married sons with their families all live under the same roof. Therefore, in one house there might be four or five generations. Rich families have servants who live in the house, too. North China is a region of continental climate in which there is great disparity between summer and winter temperatures, with ranges usually exceed 30C. Rainfall is generally below 50 millimeters and is concentrated mostly in the summer. Dry winter winds together with spring dust storms pummel much of the region from the north and north-west for more than six months of each year. The typical north Chinese rural dwelling is a small one-story rectangle with a depth of only a single room that responds well to th...

Essay on An Anthropologist on Mars

Essay on An Anthropologist on Mars Essay on An Anthropologist on Mars Investigating cases on behavior and neurology presents a significant number of health ideas. The brain is capable of performing tasks through a finite number of reactions and neurons in the nervous system. In light to this, I decide to go through the works of Oliver Sacks named An Anthropologist on Mars. I keenly study the seven cases of patients and colleagues he has highlighted about their extraordinary brains. Each case differs from the other thus depicting the issues on study. From the brain tumor victim to surgeon suffering from Tourette’s syndrome the dimension of the study broaden. In order for one to be in a position to understand their subjects appropriately, the personality method of investigation is vital. Therefore, spending ample time with your subjects is very crucial in this field. I find An anthropologist on Mars fascinating since it gives amn opportunity to view peoples’ brains conditions as well as study them to the letter. The fascinating neurobiological stories explore some of the unique experiences and perceptions of oneself. The saddest thing about the study on disorders of the nervous system and the brain is that the condition of most of the patients is beyond repair. This is irrespective of the diverse scope of knowledge in the book. The passion in me to know more about science related cases especially on first hand individuals helps me see the effectiveness of Sacks’ method of investigation. The authors method of finding ways to help patients to be fit again is fantastic. I arrive to this conclusion after reading how he has tackled cases in certain disorders facing the neuro system and the brain. These are Korsakov’s syndrome and Tourettes syndrome. Patients in these unusual disorders should be given information on how to cope to the conditions they find themselves in. this should be done without necessarily considering whether the patient’s outcome. All the professionals involved in this field should incorporate this idea into their profession to spur them to enviable success. In addition, utilizing different neurological techniques to learn each of the subjects in a respectful and personal manner is also important. Most of those operating in this field tend to go by the results given by the clinic. However, this is not always advisable since you maybe condemning someone to a their death whereas a lot can be done to improve his condition. Having the curiosity to discover the beauty in the minds of the affected people will help you achieve this goal far much easier. All this should be done in environments that make the affected feel comfortable rather than undermined. This is through creating time for private outings with every patient you are in contact with as well making arrangements to bond with them through their activities. This enables one to learn more and figure out their problems. Being a step ahead and having better ideas on how to treat the individual under medical examination is also important. Each of the chapters in An anthropologist on Mars has a cast of significant characters, setting, and plot. The elements portrayed in the book weave together creating a fascinating story. The i ndividuals undergoing examination are astonishing and how the author manages to counter the sterile account of the relative neurological functioning found in psychiatric journals is brilliant. I am amazed by how the author describes interactions, setting and personal feelings of the subjects. This is what defines his unique approach as a prolific writer and extraordinary neuroscientist. The analysis every situation has supernatural significance. The investigations also involve cases with personal stake and distinct compassion mostly available in psychiatrist’s offices. The ability to make transform a diagnosis to a story puts him ahead of the rest in the writing field. Another of his strengths is responsibility of transforming his characters from simple brain to a human worthy story with perfection. The people Sacks studies are both patients and subjects. This is since the cases Oliver Sacks bases his investigations on involve conditions mostly associated with the brain. The patients and subjects are suffering from different neurological conditions. Sacks believe that the patients suffer from such conditions as a result of living in a world different from the rest. The Case of the Colorblind Painter involves an artist who loses his color perception ability after an accident. â€Å"Would it be â€Å"normal† from the moment vision was restored? Was not experience necessary to see? Did one have to learn to see?† (Sacks 109). The author details the patient cases and uses it as one of the ways in giving an account of how the modern understanding of vision works. From this, there are lessons learnt from the inability of the artist to also remember the colors. The diseases focused on in the essays affect the ways in which individuals know and understand themselves. The Last Hippie also has a similar context as connected from the current state of the patient. The author describes to a relative knowledge history concerning the brain’s frontal lobe function. This also involves some of the significant problems resulting from the damage caused on the lobes. There is a review on the looks of the different types of memories and their forms of interaction. In A Surgeons Life, the author switches to deal with the colleagues suffering from Tourette’s syndrome. Here I notice how the piece of art manages to provide the history of the condition and also includes similar tics and symptoms. There is an emphasis on how the colleague adjusts to the people around him, and the tics causing the Tourette’s syndrome. The little information given about the lessons learnt from the condition means that the author considers the aspect of respect for his colleague and discretion compared to the one he gives to the other patients. In the To See and Not See case, involves a case sight restoration to one of the patients who had suffered from blindness for a period of forty years. The author provides a few cases where this is possible and some of the reactions known to the people who experienced sight restoration. The author manages to recognize the contribution of colleagues and other people to the aspect of discussing specific mental illnesses. The danger is that we may go overboard in medicalizing our predecessors (and contemporaries), reducing their complexity, to expressions of neurological or psychiatric disorder, while neglecting all other factors that determine a life, not least the irreducible uniqueness of the individual (Sacks 165). This helps in understanding how such conditions affect the ways in which individuals know and understand themselves. There is a reference specifically to some of the tendencies psychoanalysts consider connecting genius with the brain variations since it is significant to neuroscience. While the idea works best in most of the formats, The Landscape of His Dreams covers cases of depression which results from temporal lobe epilepsy. This case is described in details in reflection to the painter who manages to detail his childhood town in visions and has to deal with the vital changes the town has undergone. Soaks give a very little discussion and history of temporal lobe epilepsy causes, but Prodigies focuses on the idea of autism. It provides a very little history on autism discovery and goes on to describe the difficult abilities people face as a result of autism. In â€Å"Prodigies,† there is focus on the internal struggle with the thoughts of his travel companion suffering from autism. â€Å"Normally, there is a cohering and unifying power that integrates all the separate faculties of mind, integrates them, too, with our experiences and emotions, so that they take on a unique personal cast. It is this global or integrating power that allows us to generalize and reflect, to develop subjectivity and a self-conscious self† (Sacks 227). â€Å"An Anthropologist on Mars,† provides one of the significant and interesting approaches to the aspect of neurobiology. This has informed my understanding of concepts such as â€Å"normal† and â€Å"handicap.† This is through focus on the conditions that most of the people described in the context of every chapter face, and the attempts to make things right. It also includes discussion of individuals entirely. I notice the disdain for a similar line of thought through considering patients and colleagues as a whole. However, there are no clarifications on the opinion of the topics covered in the book, but there are details of the various popular ideas over time. You can order a custom essay on this topic at professional writing service. 100% non-plagiarized essays of high quality will be written from scratch by experts.

American History from 1874 to 2000 Research Paper

American History from 1874 to 2000 - Research Paper Example â€Å"Fix it up or do without† became the motto for the young people coming of age during this time in America’s history. And as with all things historic, this would surely influence what has been referred to popularly as The Greatest Generation, as they entered the years of war that came on the heals of the Great Depression. Identifying a cause of the Great Depression is tricky business. Many people look to the stock market crash of 1929 as an easy answer. This actually wasn’t the real cause of the economic problems, but it was a symptom of a desperately unhealthy economy (Davis 2003). The stock market crash was a severe psychological blow to the American public. Writing this during the Great Recession that started over a year ago, some of the actions of investors in the years preceding the stock market crash of 1929 sounds like dà ©jà   vu. The stock market had for years been a place for the powerful elites of America to get even richer. They had access and knowledge of markets. The ordinary working classes steered clear. During the booming 1920’s this changed. The stock prices were rising so dramatically, middle class citizens were borrowing money to buy more stocks. Getting rich quick was the order of the day. The problem started when European investors started to notice the amount of debt American companies and banks were incurring due to speculative stock purchases. Stock prices began to decline and panic set in. People sold their stock, or attempted to before they lost everything. Banks were swamped with customers that wanted to withdraw money, but there was no money because the banks had purchased speculative stocks that were now worthless. The social and economic fallout from the crash was considerable. By 1932, just three years after the crash manufacturing and agriculture was suffering from deflation. The price of goods and commodities

Three policies that led to the outbreak of War in Europe in 1914. What Essay

Three policies that led to the outbreak of War in Europe in 1914. What nation is primary responisble - Essay Example For instance, Germany established aggressive foreign policies that created unhealthy relationship with other nations. The policies deteriorated the existing peaceful trading partnerships and eventually led to the poor performance of the international market. The three policies that fuelled the war were; the Germany’s expansionist policy, the emergence of two opposing sides (the triple alliance and the triple alliance) and the isolation policy. Germany had a great urge to dominate the world economy. The only means to achieve this was by acquiring more territories and colonies. By this time, the world was portioned among the major powers such as the Britain. In this regard, Germany had to use military conquest to acquire territories that were already possessed by other European nations. The use of force to acquire new territories strained the already poor relation between Germany and some European powers such as Britain. These nations responded furiously to defend their interest and to maintain their political and economic power. This eventually led to the sprouting of a massive war that spread to almost all parts of the world. Some countries in Europe started forming defense alliances and promised to protect each other in case any of them was attacked by their rivals. For instance, Germany and Austria-Hungary joined and formed the dual alliance. Italy joined the alliance, and the three formed the triple alliance. On the other hand, Britain, France and Russian joined to form the triple entente. These two coalitions heightened the tension among the rival European nations leading to the sparking of the World War 1. The isolation policy adopted USA also contributed to the sprouting of the war. The US kept off from engaging in European affairs and thereby cold not assist in reconciling the European nations. However, it offered financial support to warring nations. The responsibility of the war can be blamed on Germany’s ultimate support for

Early Intervention In The First Grade Essay Example for Free

Early Intervention In The First Grade Essay Early intervention are programs that are designed for young children who are below grade three or those children falling in the age brackets of three years and eight years. These programs are usually designed to help children who seem to lag behind their peers at school in such areas as reading skills which are likely to persist into adulthood. If such cases of children who appear to lag behind their peers in reading are not assisted early enough then it can affect their future as adults and hinder their career aspirations and expectations. While research findings show that the early ages of between four to six years are ideal to introduce children to reading, early interventions in the first grade which is the approximate age proposed by the scientists has been shown to play significant role in preventing reading problems for most children and as such reduce reading disabilities (Mathes,2001. Pungur,2004). As we all know and as presented by our modern society the future of todays children is closely linked to and depends on how well they learn. Any problem that children experience in learning has its beginning In the earliest weeks in school and children who fail to learn to read have a high probability of remaining poor readers throughout school life. Therefore helping children to learn to read through the early intervention programs is an important task in public education since reading crisis and low literacy skills are linked to poverty that can have a big impact on the nation. The best suited people who can control such incidences from happening are educators if they act early by identifying those children who are at risk and provide high quality intervention before failure occurs. This intervention is most effective when it occurs as early as first grade since it prevents the learner from continuing to higher grade3s and later on fail in life Demographics This refers to the size, structure and distribution of the population the participated in the early intervention program by race and economic status of their families. According to a study done on national early intervention in Georgia State it was found that there were variations in the age that children enrolled in the program. Statistics show that there existed racial variations among the children. The main participants were African American families, Hispanic and White families. The study showed that 48% of the children in the program were black while 14% were Hispanic. Families play a component part in the intervention program and as such, it was important for the study to consider the economic status as well as the structure of the families from which the children who enrolled in the early intervention program came from. This study revealed that majority of the families were poor or were found to be economically disadvantaged. The level of poverty was determined by the annual income of the families of which 27% were found to have less than $15000 per year as the income. One out four families also had to receive government support in terms of welfare payments or food stamps to supplement their needs. About the level of education of the parents it was also considered since the level parental level of education play a significant role in determining the social economic status of the family. It also determined the employment opportunities the parent will have and consequently the type of live the children will have at home. About 76% of the mothers with children in the program did not have educational level beyond high school while only 23% had bachelors level and above. The age of the parents was also considered and the study revealed that about 71% of the mothers were between the age of 20-35 years when the children were born. Instruments Used. The instruments that the research cited to have used were varied however it should be noted that the instruments used should as much as possible be appropriate for the child. This is with regard to the childs culture and abilities. Where the questionnaires are used to get data and to assess childrens progress, if need be there should be interpreters who will help the children in understanding and answering the questions. The professionals conducting the assessment should also be skilled and knowledgeable in all matters to do with culture and assessment of children so that they may do a good job. Questionnaires are good because when used because they give the respondent time to reflect on the questions asked and respond to them appropriately. The other types of instruments that are used in the early intervention program for children are tape recorders and translators. These instruments are very effective for use with the young children since the children will find them to be interesting and thus be willing and co operative in the program. They are most useful in the reading intervention since the tape recorder can store the information the children give especially if they were reading some words. It is the actual training that can be recorded and later used if any references are required. These instruments are both valid and reliable in that they will measure what they are supposed to measure and will always yield the same results without any alterations. The questionnaires are what may compromise the validity and reliability of the research findings especially when used by the children who may need the guidance of an adult. Method used According to the case of early intervention there are different models that can be used in the early intervention of reading problems in the first grade. The three tier model is the most effective in reducing reading problems in children. This is achieved by providing intensive early early intervention for children at risk of reading difficulty. Here the teachers are encouraged to assume more responsibility and initiative to provide effective instruction to students who are found to have a lot of struggles when learning to read(Mathes,2001) When following this model the teacher divides the learners into three tiers and the starts with the first tier. Here in this teir the core is instruction with the teacher using high quality reading program which very much improved and enriched by use of intervention strategies. This usually forms the beginning of the intervention program where the whole class is involved in the quality instruction. If it emerges that there are learners with reading difficulties after the quality classroom instruction, then the teacher design for more intense instructions but this time in small groups. Then the teacher goes through the planned instruction with the carefully constituted groups. If the learners are still found to be having more difficulties in reading they are taken into the third tier which is the special education setting. Under this setting the intervention increases in intensity and duration. Quality classroom instruction stands out as the best strategy to out doing learning failure in children in the primary grade(cited from snow 1998). As such the teir model and its emphasis in quality classroom instruction takes the lead. From the Georgian study on early intervention program we get other methods widely applied in the intervention programs. The main concern of this program was to address achievement gaps in the learners. This study has revealed five delivery models as recommended by the Georgian Department of Education which included ; Augmented, Reduced class size, Self contained,Pull out and Reading recovery models. The Augmented delivery method usually incorporates early intervention program in the regular classroom but is handled by more certified teachers in order to reduce the teacher/student ratio. This ensures that the learners receive quality instruction from the teacher as they get the intervention services. The is only different from the reduced class size delivery model in one significant way ; as the number of pupils requiring early intervention increases the size of the class reduces to ensure that the teacher handles less and less learners. In the self contained model the learners requiring early intervention are placed in their own class with a certified teacher and the main emphasis is on instruction so as to achieve increased academic achievement. When using the pull out delivery model one teacher only handles 14 students while any other is pulled out into another class to receive instruction from another teacher. Finally the reading recovery model handles learners in segments each lasting for 30 minutes and continues for 45 days. However it is important to note that it is good to use a combination of methods so as to achieve the best results. This is to mean that methodology may vary but it should aim at producing the best results. Expected outcomes. Having looked at the various methodology that can be used in the delivery of early intervention programs, it is important to highlight a number of the expected results. To begin with early reading intervention makes a big difference in accelerating the rate of learners at risk of reading failure(cited from Taylor,2000) It is expected that after Implementing quality intervention programs the rate of learners struggling to read will drop in the schools this is expected to reduce the number of children suffering from reading failure by a clear two thirds. This will be as a result of raised phonemic awareness in the learners. They are also expected to show higher reading levels as well as to develop independence in reading after successfully going through the intervention program. The learners are not expected to be too dependent on adults in their school work but to show own initiative and achieve better grades in academic work. The learners at risk are expected to show masterly of grade level content material and never to lag behind their colleagues in class. This is because they will have achieved grade level standard. This early intervention programs are also expected to reduce retention rates in school where learners used to take so much time in the school. In considering the other factors it was revealed that in Georgia children who began intervention early came from families with less income and the mothers had lower levels of education. Poverty was a key factor that exposed many children to risk since the studies revealed that majority of the at risk children came from poor families. Conclusions and recommendations One of the critical truths concluded from the study was that early interventions especially in the first grade goes along way in preventing most problems for young children especially those problems associated with reading disabilities in children. It also cuts so much on wastage in public expenditure on education. This is because early intervention ensures that learners benefit from the educational experiences they go through in school and end up making better use of the skills they acquire. They get employed and lead better lives and as such fight poverty in the society, this makes the government investment in education worth. This benefits the individual as well as the society. The effectiveness of the early intervention program as earlier noted depends on the delivery model used. This therefore means that better and effective delivery methods should be set up so as to achieve the best results from this programs. I would recommend that a combination of the models already discussed in this paper be utilized in our school in order to realize more benefits from these programs. As already presented the essential elements of an effective intervention program should always be considered. These elements include supplemental instruction which is both quality and highly guided by the teacher to be used. Monitoring and assessment to know the progress made should be carried out periodically. Again a paraprofessional approach should be adopted to involve different people in the programs and as such make the program more effective and beneficial to the recipients. References Desee, J. (2003) The Importance of Early Intervention. Washing:Sage Publishers Lakien,A. (2004) Early Intervention Programs and Their Effects to Children. New York:Peter H Wayden Johnson, D . A . Report on Survey Data Collected on Early Intervention Programs: Georgia Department of Education, Policy Division. February 2004. Mathes, P. G. .The Case of Early Intervention In Reading. Retrieved 2nd October 2008, from http://www. sraonline. com/download/research/pdf

Wakeboarding Essay -- essays research papers

Wakeboarding   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have you ever been Wakeboarding? I have, my first time was last summer. My friend Matt asked me if I wanted to go wakeboarding with him and I said yes. I had never tried it before so of course I was nervous, but extremely excited at the same time. Matt said he would teach me, he had a lot of confidence in me that I would get the hang of it pretty fast. So I drove over to Matt’s house nervous with excitement, the boat sitting in his driveway latched to his step dads maroon Chevy Silverado. We all hopped in the truck and then we were off to Kitsap Lake.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We arrived at Kitsap Lake about noon or one and we loaded the boat into the water. We loaded all the towels, life vest, and of course the wakeboard into the boat. The weather wasn’t the best, it actually started to rain. Later into the afternoon it started to become sunny. Mike, Matt’s step dad, was trying to explain to me how to get up, and so was Matt. Then Matt decided to make it interesting with a bet. He said if I made it up on my third try he would give me $10. So Matt went first so I could see how it was done, Mike would kind of explain to me what Matt was doing, so I would know what to do when I got out there. Matt was really good, he totally knew what he was doing out there. I was actually kind of surprised. Then after Matt was out there for a while, it was finally my turn. I put the freezing cold life vest on, a...

Effects of TV viewing on Children Essay

I. Introduction Children are considered as the hope of the tomorrow. They are the one who make our world beautiful and meaningful because of their innocence and simplicity. But are these facts still true nowadays? Or will it be just a â€Å"dream† for us now? Children’s characters, personalities and their totality as individual first develop and mold inside the home where parents are oblige and responsible to teach their children the good values and morals. But the irony for this issue is that, parents tend to forget their responsibilities as parents in supervising their kids, due to their hectic schedules and demands of their work, especially in watching television where children are expose to different kinds of indecent advertisements and commercials. Parents should allot time in spending quality moments and be on the side of their children in order for them to explain the advertisements and commercials which have an adult content. Thesis Statement: This paper wants to present and persuade the readers about the negative effects of television viewing on children. II. Discussion Television is a very powerful tool to the learning of the children and it can educate them in many ways whether it is profitable or destructive to their morals and values. It contributes much most especially when parents let their children watch indecent television shows anytime of the day without their supervision. There are also shows on TV that create fear to the hearts of these children because they are able to internalize what they have seen. In a researched entitled â€Å"Television† and conducted by the University of Michigan Health System stated that â€Å"in a usual American household, there are about 7 hours spend by children in watching television everyday and there are about tens of thousands of commercials observed by the kids on TV which   the   public relations mark. And not only that, every year the range of 1,000 to 2,000 children watched TV ads for alcohol and the fears attributed by the television can create sleep problems. A survey showed that there was about 37 percent of the kids stated that they were terrified by a TV story and the symptoms for this included anxious feelings, withdrawing from friends, nightmares†¦(see â€Å"Television† University of Michigan Health System). There are also commercials that speak about sex. It is called sex in advertising. The use of sexual attraction as a tool of persuasion by drawing attention, interest to a particular product for the purpose of promotion and increase in sales had been a part of marketing and advertising industry for quite some time. The method generally uses attractive models, usually in a suggestive or provocative scene. The past two decades have witnessed an increasing use of explicit sexual appeal in consumer-oriented print advertising and particularly of women as the object of sexual desire that it has reached to the point of being common. The use of sex in advertising on television can range from being highly overt to extremely subtle; from explicit displays of sexual acts or nudity, down to the use of basic cosmetic products to enhance attractiveness. The more subtle forms of this spectrum have seeped into other types of media. One such example is the criteria in the selection of DJs and announcers, which is based on the â€Å"sexiness† of their voice. The use of sexual imagery in advertising has received a barrage of criticisms on various grounds. Moral and religious groups oppose it for being obscene.   Feminist groups raise the issue of women’s rights, that it reduces women as mere ‘objects’. Others believe that it only reinforces sexism. Sex in marketing through the years has become raunchier and raunchier, with each advertisement trying to outdo the last. Since it has become a powerful force in the marketing industry, we see the market being saturated with signs of glamorous blond women and muscle-rippling playboys. However, recent studies indicate that such a tool is no longer the sure-way answer to every marketing officer’s prayer. Although most companies utilize sex as their largest promoter of their product(s), negative results may never be far behind. Sexual ads do not always appeal to all consumers and accept sex as an acceptable marketing tool. A study done by Susan Cummings for the American Demographics Magazine, quoted that â€Å"75 percent of women and 53 percent of men aged 35 to 54 said that sex in advertising can be offensive† (Cited in â€Å"Sex Sells†¦No, Really!†). Other concerns being raised is how the youth react to this and how they perceive sex in advertising. There are many different opinions on how sexual appeal in advertising is defined. A slight difference had been found between young men and women. Sexual appeal for young women did not depend on how people looked in the advertisement. Focus is more on movement. It does not even have to include nudity, and models need not be exceptionally good looking for the ad to be even considered sexual. Young men also believe that the movement and the appearance of the models are of great importance. Both genders perceive an ad as sexual through words and images, even without images of nudity among the characters. Therefore, this study came to the following conclusions: that advertisement do not have to contain nudity to be perceived by young men and women as sexual in character; even movement and appearance of the models in the advertisement can make it sexual in nature; young men differ from their women counterparts in the sense that they believe that exceptional good looks among models require an ad campaign to be so. They also believe that there is too much sex in advertising, even observing that there are companies who make use of sexual appeal even if their product is discordant with the sexual image. These young men also see advertisements as discriminating to both men and women. This research also came to the same conclusion that buying behavior does not change, since nudity in advertisement has become so common. Young female respondents also believe that there is too much sex in advertising and these failed to elicit responses. Reaction of tension came only if the image is tasteless. However, for young women, attitude and buying behavior might change if an advertisement based on sexual appeal is too sexual. A favorable response comes only if the sexual appeal is done tastefully and the appeal has any connection towards the brand. Their self-image and confidence is affected when it showed attractive models. Corporations are then urged to make considerations in aiming advertising towards youth in using sexual appeals in their advertisement campaigns. This means that children are prone to adapt thwarted values and morals which will affect sooner to their development as individuals and contribute in the later part of their lives. Being TV addicts is more treacherous and hazardous than taking a drug because it disseminates violence, spoils people’s intellects, and ruins not only the individual but as well as our nation and culture. III. Conclusions A. Effects on children We cannot deny the fact that children are great imitators and that is one of their natures. They really follow and imitate what they have seen and observed from other people especially when they realize that these people involve manifests excitement in doing such acts. Present television’s advertisements, commercials, shows and movies already content indecent acts such as violence, sensual actions or sex, drinking and taking drugs which have great impact to the minds of the younger generations. These kinds of entertainments will create curiosity and puzzlements to their young minds that will push them to try it by themselves. The advertisers really put an effort to convey their audiences-whether young or old-whom the actions perform on TV, those actions are worth emulating for and because of this, children are motivated to imitate it. The University of Michigan Health System further discussed that â€Å"TV shows usually speak about the use of alcohol. The existence of alcohol on TV resorts the gamut from prime-time programs†¦In addition, the researched informed us that those who are TV addicts are more similarly to smoke cigarettes and marijuana. However, parents are not open in discussing issues such as birth control, sexually transmitted disease and sex and even schools are lacking to give information about sex education programs and due to such reasons, children are able to acquire sex information through watching TV. In a survey disclosed the fact that there were about 76 percent of teenagers attested that one intuition why young people indulge in sex because TV movies and programs make such thing as common and ordinary for their age group (see â€Å"Television† University of Michigan Health System).

Should Rich Countries Help the Poor Countries

Should  Ã‚  rich countries help the poor countries? There is so much debate surrounding the issue of rich countries should help the poor countries. Proponents think that rich countries should help the poor countries because loaning money to developing countries aids can helping them improvement the situation from poverty and disease. Opponents,  think that  the money doesn't go for  the place  where  they needs and the debt is  a lot of pressure for the poor countries. In my opinion, that rich countries should help the poor countries.The responsibility of richer countries  help the poor countries  should more than they did it before, it can be throught in health, education,economy and policy. One of the strongest reason for people who against the rich countries should help the poor countries is the aid doesn't work. Foreign aid   usually considered too much for poor countries, or useless on inability governments. Africa has received over US$1 trillion in internati onal aid over the past 50 years, intended for health care, education, infrastructure and agriculture, among other things. Between 1970 and 1995 aid to Africa increased rapidly and aid dependency (measured as the aid-to-GDP ratio) stood at nearly 20% in the early 1990s. Measured differently, the mean value of aid as a share of government expenditures in African countries was well above 50% between 1975 and 1995†³ (Why Aid Doesn't Work). â€Å"The total amount of international development aid is now more than $100 billion a year to Africa. In 2008, rich countries gave $119. billion in foreign aid. This is over 10% more than in 2007 and is the highest amount ever given† (Statistics on International Development Aid). In the same period, the per capita GDP growth in Africa to reduce, for many years has been negative. Unfortunately, although good intentions from donor countries, the aid work has been useless in against poverty and promote the economic continued growth. The fac t is that most African countries are poorer today.This is because the most foreign aid provided in ineffective way and usually wasted, but also it can be influenced the negative way to the enconomic. The reason of the people who oppose rich countries should help the poor countries are one side. There are not perfect things in the world. Every human being is given same right to live and equal. The people live in poor countries usually suffering from extremely difficult conditions, such as disease,  turbulence, poverty, unemployment, lack of food and education, inefficiency and corrupt government.The devastating consequences of the epidemic, upheaval, poverty, and the lack of education and food, lead to the highest mortality rate, inefficiency work, illiteracy, but  this can be improvement through foreign aid, the money from rich countries can bring enough food and medicine. Also,  the rich countries' aid can developing   infrastructure and basic education to those poor countr ies, such as roads and pipelines efficiently, high school and university. â€Å"The public health successes can be seen on many fronts. Around 12 million children under five years old died in 1990.By 2010, this number had declined to around 7. 6 million – still far too high, but definitely an historic improvement. Malaria deaths in children in Africa were cut from a peak of around 1 million in 2004 to around 700,000 by 2010, and, worldwide, deaths of pregnant women declined by almost half between 1990 and 2010, from an estimated 543,000 to 287,000†³ (Foreign aid works – it saves lives). â€Å"In Liberia, nine years after the fact, the population of just four million people still bears the scars of a country where a vicious war has raged.Here, UNICEF funds a remarkable cash transfer scheme for households headed by children which has so far helped 2,000 youngsters. The fund gives out $60,000 a month in total, which equates to $25 a month for the most vulnerable ch ildren. Ninety-seven per cent of the families benefiting from the scheme take their child to a health center when they are ill and 90 per cent have increased food security† (Does aid work? ). All those number shows the foreign aid helps to save lives in needy countries. This is very important for those people who are suffering from starvation, poverty or contagious diseases in poor countries.We can't because of a little bit negative impact of economic, then deny the huge influence that foreign aid works in poor countries to help, and survival people's life. Furthermore, in the background  of economic globalization, the world is getting more and more close contact. The   people from different countries have  a great personnel flow frequency and the world trade is becoming greater more than before. However, there still have a   lot of people live in poverty in many places, the gap between rich countries and poor countries are expanding.The rich countries have huge income and outcome by world trade and high productivity. But, if the rich countries want to get benefit of economy in the future, they need to take care of people who will be enormous consumers in the future. Unless rich countries help the poor countries, economy of world will face unhealthy situation. In this case, rich countries should help the poor countries. Final, the most of poor countries governments are inexperience and inefficiency when they make a decision or face enmorgency. For this reason, the governments of poor countries need rich countries' help.Through rich countries help, poor countires can get solution of the problem they are facing. This can make the government of poor countries complete their policy, and gain their experience for emergency ability. The most problems which poor countries right now have, are similaring that rich countries already had and solved it before, and they have enough experiences to teach and help them to figure out the problems. In conclusion, the rich countries should to help poor countries in many ways including education, medical, health, economy and policy, because with great power comes great responsibility.Work cited: Ashdown, Paddy, Does aid work, New Statesman, 2012, 27-28. Accessed 8/25/2012. Fredrik Erixon, Why Aid Doesn't Work, 2005, 48. Accessed 8/25/2012. Foreign aid works – it saves lives, Accessed 8/25/2012 http://www. guardian. co. uk/business/economics-blog/2012/may/30/foreign-aid-works-saves-lives Statistics on International Development Aid. Accessed 8/25/2012. http://filipspagnoli. wordpress. com/stats-on-human-rights/statistics-on-poverty/statistics-on-international-development-aid/

Nisei Daughter essays

Nisei Daughter essays Nisei Daughter, by Monica Sone, recalls the authors childhood as a Japanese girl, growing up in Seattle, during World War II. The book takes a look on how the Japanese culture was treated in this time. At a young age Monica realizes she is not like most little girls in America. Japanese were put in interment camps in 1942. But this isnt the first time Monica notices a difference. She was small and in grammar school when the first signs began to appear. She knew she looked different, but she also sounded different at home. At home her family spoke in Japanese. Monica was known to her parents as Kazuko Monica Itoi. And after Kazuko was finished with her day at grammar school, she and the rest of the Japanese boys and girls went to Japanese school to learn the native language and etiquette. During a point in Kazukos childhood, her father is set up by two corrupt police men accusing for father of selling illegal sake. During dinner a police man interrupted the family and told Mr. Itoi that he was the one that was selling liquor to a bum on the street. The police had been tipped by the bum that a Japanese man, who owned a hotel sold him the alcohol. Kazukos father did own a hotel and owned a hotel, but so did several other Japanese men on that street. Kazukos father insisted, Mine? Its not I dont drink,(35). The officer interrogated both Kazukos father and mother while rummaging haphazardly through the Itois kitchen looking for the rest of the sake. Mrs. Itoi knew there was something was strange and called out to the men, Dont think were such fools,(37). Kazukos father was trying to prove that he was innocent and instead of the officer listening, he arrested Mr. Itoi and took him down to jail. This incident showed Kazuko that her family was not ...

ESL Lesson Plan - Present Perfect Simple and Continuous

ESL Lesson Plan - Present Perfect Simple and Continuous Students often confuse the present perfect and present perfect continuous. This lesson employs an imaginary biography to get students asking questions and speaking about completed accomplishments (present perfect) and duration of activity (present perfect continuous). The main difference between the present perfect and present perfect continuous that students need to acquire is the difference between the amount of time the current activity has been in progress, and the amount of activity that has been done. In the first case, we use the present perfect continuous to express how long the current activity has been going on. In the second case, use the present perfect to express how many or how much has been accomplished. These guides on how to teach the present perfect continuous and how to teach the present perfect can help with further exercises and teaching suggestions. Aim Correct use of present perfect and present perfect continuous, contrasted with simple past Activity Use of an imaginary chart of life events to elicit questions and answers using both the present perfect and present perfect continuous, as well as the simple past Level Intermediate Outline Review the present perfect and present perfect continuous with the class. Focus on the difference between present perfect to express an amount finished up to the present moment (Ive read three books by Hemingway), and the present perfect continuous to express the duration of the current activity (Shes been reading for three hours).Ask students to take a look at the sentences in exercise 1 and decide if they are correct or incorrect.Make a point of discussing the use of BOTH the present perfect and present perfect continuous with common verbs such as live, work, play, drive, etc.Ask students to read the life chart of John Anderson.Have students pair up and use the question cues. Ask students to use the present perfect continuous when asking about the duration of an activity.To check if students are doing the activity correctly, ask the students to write out the questions once they have finished. John Anderson: VIP 0Born 1954 6Started school 12Started magazine delivery service 13Started playing tennis 15Hired four other boys for magazine delivery service 17Sold magazine delivery service for $20,000 17Went to Harvard Business School 18Won New York State tennis championship 19Started Supersoft software company with roommate 20Sold Supersoft for $400,000 21Graduated with honors from Harvard 22Received Masters of International Business from Yale 23Started work for Brown and Bran Inc. in New York City 25Married first wife, Josine 26First son born, Josh 26Promoted to Vice President of International Sales 27Won New York Business Clubs International Businessman Award 28Left Brown and Bran Inc. 28Started New Media Associates Inc. in New York City 29Divorced Josie 30Won New Business Innovation award 31Met and married second wife, Angela 32Second son, Philip, born 33Won over-thiry tennis tournament of New York City

Implementing Food Safety Programs Using the Kurt Lewin Forces Theory Research Paper

Implementing Food Safety Programs Using the Kurt Lewin Forces Theory - Research Paper Example Lewin utilized his field theory in his research on human habits towards food and surrounding changes. Food companies believe in the fact that food move through channels that are governed by forces that either resist or attract changes within the food supply chain. Such channels can be represented in numerous ways that include farms, stores and gardens while resistance and attraction involves aspects such as pricing, family and health amongst other domains (Chernauski-Breen and England, 2012). The Lewin’s Force Field Analysis focuses on identifying various factors responsible for various changes, those that oppose change often called restraining forces and the forces that promote commonly referred to as driving forces. In this case, successful implementation of any change depends on full understanding of behaviors that drive or oppose change (Alexander et al., 2011). There are several forces that drive the process of implementation of food safety program within food manufacturi ng facility. These driving forces operate either individually or corporately as described below. The first driving force involves customer demands which motivates and makes food companies to consider updating their food safety programs hence keeping them in shape. In most instances food companies are forced by customers to have full safety program in place for them to be assured of customer base (Sara and Baker, 2013). This calls for food companies to set up supplier food safety program for the purposes of meeting customer requirements and protecting their food products. Customers require such food safety programs not only in companies but also within company suppliers. At times, customers move a step further by getting involved in auditing suppliers of a food company vendor. For instance, it is compulsory for some produce growers to have GAP’s program before they can sell products to