US history from 1865-1900 Essay Example for Free

US history from 1865-1900 Essay Most Americans thought the war would not last long. Southerners thought that just one victory on the battlefield would force the Union to see that they were a separate nation now. Northerners believed that one victory would convince the Confederate states to return to the Union. Northerners thought their victory would come easily. They had many advantages over the South. Besides, the north already had a government and an army, while the South had to start their own government and army in 1861. The South, however, had hidden advantages. (Tindall, 1984). For example, many of the best officers in the U.S. Army came from the South. When the war began, many of these officers joined the rebels. These Southerners knew that the North would have to invade the South to fight the war. Soldiers tend to fight harder when they defend their own homes. Fighting on home territory thus gave the South an advantage over the North. By the end of 1865, the Union was also entirely slave-free (Bailey). Upon Lincoln’s assassination in April 1865, the powers of his office fell upon Andrew Johnson of Tennessee. In many ways, Johnson’s life story was similar to that of Lincoln. He was self-educated and worked his way up through the political ranks and before the war he had reached the position of United States senator from Tennessee. Johnson had remained loyal to the Union when Tennessee seceded. Throughout his career, Andrew Johnson had performed his political tasks well. He had demonstrated integrity, sincerity and courage. Having risen from poverty himself, he was respected by many poor Southerners. Unfortunately, President Johnson did not have the strong leadership qualities of his predecessor (Bancroft, 1956). Â  Southern states adopted constitutions that complied with congressional stipulations and ratified the fourteenth amendment. Most of the Southern states were readmitted to the Union in 1868, although federal troops were kept in the South for nearly a decade thereafter. In order to further protect the voting rights of freedmen, Congress proposed the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution. The last several Southern states to be readmitted to the Union were required to ratify the fifteenth amendment as well as the fourteenth. Much of America’s steel business soon came under the control of a young entrepreneur named Andrew Carnegie. His venture into the building of iron bridges soon led him into the manufacture of iron. When he was convinced that the Bessemer process was the wave of the future, he entered the steel business. By early 1880s, he had joined forces with Henry C. Frick, and their company was the leading producer of iron and steel in the United States. Because so many changes took place in the South after the Civil War, it is often referred to as the New South. Agriculture became more diversified. Cotton remained the chief crop, but tenant farmers began to grow a wide variety of other crops as well. Other endeavors besides agriculture also became increasingly important in the southern economy. Industry was to play an important role in the development of the New South. The South had the ingredients necessary for several important types of industry. It had good sources of waterpower. It has the capability of producing important raw materials such as cotton, tobacco, lumber, coal, oil and iron ore, It also had a large labor force willing to work for relatively low wages (Brinkley, 1993).

Barn Burning | Analysis

Barn Burning | Analysis The story Barn Burning is an example of coming of age story because the coming of age story entails the initiation of an individual into an enhanced level of self awareness (Coming of Age,29); in other words, coming of age story means that a person realizes something is wrong an tries to change it . By the end of the story Sarty feels loss and rebirth by loosing his family but gaining manhood, this is where he enters the level of self awareness. Sartys attitude changes because he starts growing apart from his father and his family; he also comprehends the big difference between what is right and wrong, and this realization brings Sarty to a higher sense of self awareness. There are accounts in this story where Sarty does not agree with his fathers actions, but he does not allow himself to think about them. Sarty seems tired of his family moving cities each time his father does something bad; Sarty says to himself, maybe hes done satisfied now, now that he hasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ stopping himself, not to say it aloud even to himself(Faulkner 1957). Sarty still believes that his father will stop burning barns; he wants his father to really know what he is doing and that is wrong. Sarty has faith that his father would mature into a more reasonable person by thinking before acting. Abners actions make Sarty react and realize his father is doing wrong and he is not doing much about it because he is too close to his family and needs to be loyal to them. Sarty starts to mature when he realize that his father is doing wrong, and he decides he wants to do the right thing. For example when he decides to escape, he goes against his father by warning the Negro about h is father wanting to burn the barn, despite what might happen to his father and brother. We see Sarty running, knowing it was too late yet still running even after he heard the shot and, an instant later, two shots, pausing now without knowing he had ceased to run, crying Pap! Pap (Faulkner 1967). Sarty starts to mature and grow up by getting a sense of what his father was doing, he was tired of all his fathers actions and he decided to do something about it, Sarty knew that going against his family was wrong but he decided to do the right thing. Sarty does everything his father tells him to do without saying a word because if he doesnt Abner might beat him. Sartys father says, You got to learn to stick to your blood or you aint going to have any blood to stick to you (Faulkner 1958). These words were stuck into Sartys naive mind many times; that might be the reason why he always defends his father and does not betray him. He knows that lying is wrong, but he has not yet separated from his father, and knows that being silent in the courtroom would help his father. For example, while in the courtroom Sarty has to keep quiet in order to save his father because Sarty knows what his father has done, in the story his father says You were fixing to tell them à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ .He didnt answer. His father struck him with the flat of his hand on the side of the head, hard but without heat à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.(Faulkner 1958). At this point where most children would hesitate and tell everything, Sarty didnt. He face the trial like a man rat her than a boy by the way he behaved in the courtroom and taking things like a real man should. Throughout the story we see Sartys loyalty to be debatable. For example, outside the courtroom when Sarty hears some boys calling his father a barn burner, Sarty goes into his fathers defense, getting into a fight in which he sheds his own blood to protect his fathers good name . Sarty also provides the oil to burn the de Spains barn after the little rug incident; Sarty says, he wont get no the bushels neither. He wont get one (Faulkner 1964). These two examples show how Sartys loyalty towards his father seems to change because of his naive little mind; and he does not know what to do. Sarty is not sure if he should stick to his blood or not. In the end he decides to do the right thing and ends up betraying his father and family and runs away. This coming of age story shows us how an individual, in this case young Sarty, develops an enhanced level of self awareness that is either an end in itself or the psychological and emotional orientation necessary for indoctrination into the su rroundings (Coming of Age 29). In simple words, Sarty has courage and betrays the ones he love in order to do what is right, despite what his father says. This is a thing that not too many people do because of fear. Sarty overcomes that he went against his own blood, and do what is right; this makes the story a coming of age story. Work Cited Faulkner, William. Barn Burning The Norton Anthology: American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym. 7th ed. New York. 1955-1967. Print. The Coming-of-Age Story. Short Story Criticism. Ed. Jelena Krostovic. Vol. 130. Detroit: Gale, Cengage Learning,2010. 29-146. Print.

Cry Freedom :: essays research papers

Cry Freedom Cry freedom is a real life drama recorded as a movie. The movies main character is steve biko (played by the actor Denzel Washington), a man in his early thirties who has the ability to lead his people; the blacks againt the South African injustices. He’s most recognised point or view was „we don’t want to be forced into your society...I’m not going to be what you want me to be.'; Biko was able to show what apartheid has done when he meets a white journalist by the name of Donald Woods. He was a white who was strongly againts ‘supremacy’ as he beleived that it built a wall of hatred which infact apartheid was causing. Woods slowly gives awarness of the apartheid’s violent side through the submission of photographs of a ghetto being attack by South African police into the newspaper he is the editor of. At a sad note Biko is arrested on his way to a rally and is beaten to death in custody; the governmen announces he’s death as a ‘hunger strike’. Donald Woods is deeply outraged and shocked. He goes to see the body and takes photographs of the beaten body and plans to smuggle the photo’s out of the country which includes a plan of him diskized as a preast and the escape of his family. Before that he was placed on house arrest as Biko was through with his revolutionary era of speaches. My personal response to the apartheid issue is that im simply tottally against that because it cause discrimination and stronger racism. But I guess that strong racism within a certain community caused apartheid. The incidnts that were occuring in South Africa were absolutly discracfull to how a country was behaving in the eyes of the world. I believe that preventing South africa from participating from olympic and sporting events as well as trade relations was a very good initiative taken by world commitee’s. „Black deaths in custody'; ‘Black deaths in custody’ was a story presented by ABC’s four courners. The story is mainly about Aboriginal deaths in Western Australia during a period of 1980 to the 1990’s. As a reporter states at the beginning of the report a 17 year old aboriginal boy was killed by police officers as said but the case was seen as a sort of an accident. The local out rage by the aboriginal community was devastating; the pub was attacked with steel rods used for the local railway, then looted and futher more distroyed.

Matthew Hopkins - An English Witchfinder :: essays research papers

Matthew Hopkins - An English Witchfinder "Thou must not suffer a witch to live." This single phrase justified the death of thousands of victims throughout Europe and North America. Matthew Hopkins was an English witchfinder who was responsible for the ruthless persecution of scores of alleged witches during the witchcraft mania that swept parts of England under the Puritans. Born in c.1621 Hopkins was a son of a minister and raised in Essex, which had a long tradition persecuting witches. Hopkins studied law and had a variety of careers before he hit upon the idea of establishing his career as a witchfinder in the Essex parish of Manningtree and Mistley around 1644. It must be noted that his timing was brilliant. The Civil War was wreaking havoc on England and creating tension throughout Puritan society. Anyone who suggested a reason for the nation's trouble was going to get a hearing. Hopkins at the age of 24 made his first charge against a one-legged crone called Elizabeth Clarke, claiming she was a member of a coven in the Manningtree area. Clarke was arrested and questioned in Chelmsford. As a result of her "confessions" roughly 31 other women were brought before the Assizes, nineteen of whom were hanged. This was the beginning of Hopkins' "reign of terror." After adopting the self-styled title of Witchfinder-General Hopkins acquired two assistants, John Stearne and Mary Phillips, who searched for the "Devil's Mark" on the accused. Apparently obsessed by his mission to obtain confessions of witchcraft, the three began a tour of the eastern counties of England. To those who questioned his qualifications for such work, pointing out that he had never studied the subject, he replied that his expertise issued "from experience, which though it be meanly esteemed of, yet surest and safest way to judge by." Such was the demand of his services that he made an extraordinary profit from his work considering that the average daily wages of the time was as little as 2.5 pence. Hopkins charged 40 shillings for each investigation that he was asked to undertake and 9 pence for each witch he found. When the proceeding from a single town was over, the bill was usually between  £15 and  £23. In the space of little more than a year Hopkins brought over a hundred women, typically old, poor and unattractive, to the gallows in Essex alone. He extracted his confessions by various means such as `pricking', `swimming', and `watching and waking'.

Is ethnic profiling really helping society? Essay --

Is ethnic profiling really helping society? Ethnic profiling has been around for some time but is it getting worse? Are too many people going to far? Is it hurting or helping society? Many believe that ethnic profiling is only helping society and but in reality its only tearing us apart for because of the following reason. â€Å"Muslims endure long delay to become U.S Citizens they're pulled out of lines at airports and treated differently from other passengers (Lamkamp)†. Muslims are getting denied to become American just because of their Ethnics. Thats assuming that all Arabs or Muslims are terrorist. Thats like saying all Caucasians are rich. Which not all of them are. â€Å" Travel for many from the middle east has often been quite difficult, but following 9/11 and the Arab Springs it seems to be worsening (Kuwait).† Even though the terrorist attack in 9/11 was horrendous event to go through people should not assume every middle eastern is a terrorist. Many Middle Eastern are afraid of traveling because they think they might get pulled out of lines and get harassed. No one is better than anyone else therefore no one should be able to put themselves on a higher pedestal because they're a different ethnics. Although many believe ethnic profiling is helping society because it helps stop terrorist attacks they're incorrect for the following reason. â€Å" I thought they'd be happy I was leaving but instead they kept me waiting and were glaring at me as if I were a criminal. What's worse they ignored me completely and didn't tell me what was wrong( Ahmed)†. First and foremost they ignored her like she was not ... ... want to do its travel the world like the rest of us. If youre judging them because of their race you need to take a look in the mirror and see what type of person you really are.We are a Human Race and we need to stick together. We should let our differences make us stronger not tear us down. Marther Luther King had a dream that we should be equal and equal we shall be! Works Cited Conrad, Lisa. "Ethnic Profiling, Airport Security Procedures Await Arab Travelers." Kuwait Times 15 Nov. 2011: Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 25 Feb. 2014. Heath, Gilmore. "Racial Profiling Needed to Prove Australia Is Safe." Sydney Morning Herald, The 02 June 2010: 5. Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 25 Feb. 2014. Lakamp, Patrick. "Professor Decries Ethnic Profiling of Muslims: COMMUNITY." Buffalo News, The (NY) 11 May 2008: Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 25 Feb. 2014.

General Motors Corporation General Motors Corporation

â€Å"General Motors is one of three leading automotive manufacturing companies in the United States. â€Å"General Motors merupakan salah satu dari tiga perusahaan manufaktur otomotif terkemuka di Amerika Serikat. Based in Michigan in 1903 by Henry ford and grew to reach revenue of $150 billion and more than 370,000 employees by 1996. Berbasis di Michigan pada tahun 1903 oleh Henry ford dan tumbuh untuk mencapai pendapatan sebesar $ 150 miliar dan lebih dari 370. 00 karyawan pada tahun 1996. In the 1970's, the automobile market for the major auto makers – General Motors (GM), Ford, and Chrysler- was crunched by competition from foreign manufactures such as Toyota and Honda. Pada 1970-an, pasar mobil untuk para pembuat mobil utama – General Motors (GM), Ford, dan Chrysler-adalah berderak oleh persaingan dari luar negeri manufaktur seperti Toyota dan Honda.In 1999, Ford acquired the Swedish Volvo model in an attempt to compete in the foreign market and expand to other regions. † Pada tahun 1999, model Ford mengakuisisi Volvo Swedia dalam upaya untuk bersaing di pasar asing dan memperluas ke daerah lain. † General Motors needs to use the business process reengineering for the information systems infrastructure to cut redundancies and requiring information process and the link among Ford centre in world wide.General Motors perlu menggunakan rekayasa ulang proses bisnis untuk infrastruktur sistem informasi untuk memotong redundancies dan memproses informasi membutuhkan dan link di antara pusat Ford di seluruh dunia. â€Å"General Motors implemented a 3-year plan to consolidate their multiple desktop systems into one. â€Å"General Motors mengimplementasikan rencana 3 tahun untuk mengkonsolidasikan beberapa sistem desktop mereka menjadi satu. This new process involved replacing the numerous brands of desktop systems, network Proses baru ini melibatkan berbagai merek menggantikan sistem

The Role of Climate Change on Our Nation’s Infrastructure System

The Role of Climate Change on Our Nation’s Infrastructure SystemIntroduction: Infrastructure plays a critical function in everybody’s day-to-day life, but most people don’t recognize merely how extended that function truly is. Whether it’s going from one topographic point to another, utilizing power, imbibing tap H2O, or blushing a lavatory substructure helps us populate our lives to the criterion that we have become used to and maintain our economic system traveling. There are many factors that need to be considered when measuring the current and future province of substructure wellness. One factor is the consequence of a altering clime, but it is hard to gauge merely how it will impact our substructure system since its hereafter impacts can merely be loosely anticipated. In this paper I will look into the function substructure plays in the aiding and deterring of clime alteration, the current and future province of our substructure and how climate alteration can impact it, and possible solutions through invention in policy and support to assist minimise the effects. History of Support: Ever since President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal-Aid Road Act in 1916, the nature and extent of the federal authorities in the edifice, maintaining, and support of the corporate states surface substructure system has been broad ranging. The 1916 act launched the Federal-Aid Highway Program, every bit good as presenting the States with grants to assist in the building of roads that would be used in mail bringing. The mandate of the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways and the creative activity of the Federal Highway Trust Fund in 1956 marked a dramatic heightening of the Federal governments’ impact in the creative activity of the nation’s roadways by making the model for a national route system and a support system for roads to be created [ 1 ] . The basic construction for federal support of substructure was set up so that federal financess could be granted to the States by undertakings submitted for blessing, and so if the programs were approved for the financess they would have a part of cost, and the remainder of the support is required by the State and local authoritiess that need the undertaking completed [ 2 ] . Since so most federal support has been granted though extensions of old Acts of the Apostless and the procedure of how assistance is given has remained largely unchanged over this clip. A cardinal ground for the age of many substructure systems is due to the aggressive disbursement on substructure that was initialized in the late 1930’s through the early 1940’s by President Roosevelt, normally referred to as the New Deal Programs, which used big sums of federal financess to make the footing of many of our roadway and electrical systems. Much of the substructure built during this clip has non been undated since it was originally built. The sum of support for substructure has varied over clip but it has been at a degree under what it needed to be at to supply a strong and efficient system. Through history there has been a spread between what was needed for substructure and what was really spent. On mean merely about 2.4 % of our GDP is spent on substructure in America. To compare, Europe spends about 5 % and China spends about 9 % of their GPD on their substructure. This deficiency of disbursement and development in substructure has led to our current ranking of 15Thursday, out of the 32 OECD states, in footings of our overall satisfaction of our roads and main roads [ 2 ] . Current province of Infrastructure: The systems of substructure in America are presently in one of the poorest provinces in the country’s history. The American Society of Civil Engineers ( ASCE ) release a study card rating at least 12 of the country’s substructure systems every four old ages traveling back to 1998, in that clip they have released 5 study cards with the most recent being in 2013. The overall GPA of our country’s substructure has been given a class of D three times and a D+ two times, with the 2013 study card giving a D+ . A hapless and inefficient substructure system is non merely insecure, but it besides exacerbates fuel and energy ingestion, creates extra injury to the environment through pollution and taint, and besides wastes people’s clip and money. ASCE estimates that the sum of support needed to increase each class to a class of a B, considered to be in a ‘good’ province, by 2020 is $ 3.6 trillion. However, the estimated support by 2020 for all the classs is estimated to be merely about $ 2 trillion, go forthing a $ 1.6 trillion support spread which will surly take to an substructure province that is at a comparable degree that we see now [ 3 ] . With an expected substructure province to stay in hapless conditions, an added challenge in the appraisal of future impacts by clime alteration on substructure arise when finding how pieces and parts that are already stressed and aged will react to climate alteration. We can analyze how new parts will respond by preforming trial in labs to imitate clime alteration effects on them to see how the rates of impairment could perchance play out over clip, but seeking to detect how fast the altering rates of parts that have been used over the past decennaries is difficult to precisely quantify. Infrastructure and Climate Change: Infrastructure plays a big function in our nursery gas emanations and depending on the conditions of the system it can either assist us in the chase of diminishing emanations or it can be an added releaser of emanations. Many of the solutions to the jobs in our substructure system besides have the potency to assist out other jobs in the system every bit good as to assist diminish our usage of fossil fuels. An efficient transit substructure system is critical to assist swerve our oil use, co2 emanations, and increase productiveness. Traffic congestion on roads consequences in 1.9 billion gallons of gasolene to be burned per twelvemonth, and the costs to drivers is over $ 100 billion in wasted fuel and lost clip. A new and efficient air traffic control systems we would salvage around 3 billion gallons of jet fuel a twelvemonth from being wasted [ 1 ] . On the other manus if we increase people’s ability to use public transit and mass transit services the positive effects could ru ffle through many countries of transit and public wellness. Increased usage of public and aggregate transit would assist to maintain autos off the route, particularly during peak transposing times. This would hold the consequence of non merely cut downing traffic conditions, which would assist to relieve some of the otiose gasolene that’s burned while waiting in traffic, but to besides halt the combustion of gasolene by all the people who normally drive a auto. With less people really on the roads, the conditions of the roadways will be maintained for a longer clip, which once more has the consequence of cut downing traffic and wasted gas burned while waiting in traffic. Plus, taking more autos off the route during the early hours should assist to cut down the sum of smog formation in some high-dense metropoliss. Most of the effects of clime alteration will hold some impacts on different countries of the substructure system. A big factor to the substructure system is the addition in big precipitation events, an addition in planetary sea degrees, and the addition in utmost conditions events [ 4 ] . With increasing events of big precipitation our dikes, imbibing and waste H2O systems, and levees will all be subjected to new stressors that can worsen the procedure of early weakness and pre-mature impairment [ 5 ] . Sing the mean age of all the states dams to be 52 old ages old, and that approximately 17 % of them are considered high risky, the emphasis from the addition of flows coming in from affiliated H2O ways added to the addition of heavy deposits that big precipitation events bring into the H2O system which hurt the overall wellness of a dike, their length of service is expected to diminish. The imbibing and waste H2O systems is expected to endure from many of the same emphasis as dike wil l, except the excess H2O will besides be coming from our sewerage system so that big urban countries will see big impacts from the high sum of paving that helps funnel excess sums of H2O into the system. Large sums of precipitation and the addition of the sea degree will stretch our levee system with added stressors that can give a possible harmful failure that could be every bit annihilating as a dam failure. Both dikes and levees hold back H2O that could potentially deluge most of the coastal and low lying countries. Extreme conditions events are the chief causes for many of the energy grid power breaks. Breaks can be caused from knocked over tree limbs on power lines, implosion therapy of transmittal Stationss, to the devastation of grapevine subdivisions [ 3 ] . In America, our substructure is presently in an abysmal province, and with support for the hereafter projected to hardly cover half of what it will take to convey it into a good province it is safe to state that it will go on to let down. Decision and How to Continue: The chief stressors associated with substructure development are from the continual lacking of support and an overall absence of a big scale leading function in footings of establishing when and what undertakings are taken on so to most expeditiously finish staying undertakings so that their benefits will assist other unfinished undertakings or won’t be negated because of unfinished undertakings. All of the systems of substructure are connected ; the quality of H2O downstream of a river is effected by the quality that has been put out upstream and if a main road outside a metropolis has awful route conditions people and concern are less likely to go and devour in that metropolis even if the city’s roads have all merely been repaved. With this in head, the manner we choose the following set of undertakings to undergo demand to be picked with careful consideration to how its betterments will impact other undertakings still necessitating completed. The ability to implement this sort of planning is presently really hard though, because support is progressively being moved from big supervising body’s to smaller and smaller 1s. Federal support for substructure investings have been continuously shriveling over the past twosome decennaries which has led to the States, and progressively even more so the local and municipality authoritiess that are forced to come up with the support spread. With a lessening in centralisation of undertaking planning, along with an addition of undertakings that have to be delayed due to miss of financess that need to come from the fighting provinces budgets or till adequate financess can be raised by a local or municipality authorities, the ability now to integrate a program for phasing in different undertakings is acquiring progressively harder. When be aftering the range and particulars of a given undertaking factors such as sustainability, resilience, and the continual care and up-keep demand to be primary for any planning of substructure. The transit systems, H2O intervention systems, and flood control systems being built today must be able to account for both current and future challenges that are likely to be confronting them. Infrastructure needs to be built with future population motion in head as good, so when new systems are built or betterments are made to the bing substructure it needs to be able to manage tonss much greater than what it presently needed or a design for a system needs to be scaled so it’s merely responsible for a smaller population denseness. In add-on, funding for research and development at all degrees need to be implemented so the development of new and of all time more efficient methods and stuffs for the edifice and maintaining of substructure can go on. Future development besides needs to let for easier and cheaper betterments and ascents over the clip of its usage. Future care can be done more easy if they are built to let replacing over different clip intervals so that when it comes clip for the necessary betterments to be made it doesn’t demand to be all at the same clip. While funding demands to be increased from both private and public sectors, the users of the substructure demand to larn and besides pay the appropriate monetary value for them to utilize it. Mentions [ 1 ] ( 2012 ) â€Å"Highway Funding.† Congressional Digest. Volume 91, Issue 7, pp. 194, 195, 224. [ 2 ] ( 2012 ) â€Å"Surface Transportation Policy.† Congressional Digest. Volume 91, Issue 7, pp. 196-199. [ 3 ] ( 2013 ) â€Å"2013 Report Card for America’s Infrastructure.† [ 4 ] IPCC, 2007: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working. Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. new wave der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds. , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 7-22. [ 5 ] Hall, David. â€Å" Corps of Engineers ‘ Studies Will Inform Response to Climate Change. †Civil EngineeringJuly-Aug. 2013: 20-23. Print [ 6 ] IPCC, 2007: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: Extenuation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment. Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [ B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer ( explosive detection systems ) ] , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. [ 7 ] IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [ Stocker, T.F. , D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley ( eds. ) ] . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. [ 8 ] ( 2011 ) â€Å"Failure to Act: The Impact of Current Infrastructure Investment On America’s Economic Future.†